断る

ことわるkotowaru

decline

Godan verb, group 1, ending -ru.

Conjugated like なる, やる, 知る, 謝る, 寄る, 流行る

Newbie

The polite forms to talk about now, the future, and the past, and the te-form of requests.

  1. Polite present · -masu

    What you do, usually or soon, said politely. Japanese has one form for the present and the future.

    1. affirmative断りますことわりますkotowarimasu
    2. negative断りませんことわりませんkotowarimasen

  2. Polite past · -mashita

    What you did, or did not do, said politely.

    1. affirmative断りましたことわりましたkotowarimashita
    2. negative断りませんでしたことわりませんでしたkotowarimasen deshita

  3. Te-form

    Links actions (and then…), and with ください asks politely.

    1. 断ってことわってkotowatte
    2. request断ってくださいことわってくださいkotowatte kudasai

  4. Let’s · -mashō

    To suggest doing something together: let’s…

    1. 断りましょうことわりましょうkotowarimashō

  5. Wanting to · -tai

    What you want to do. Add です to be polite.

    1. affirmative断りたいことわりたいkotowaritai
    2. negative断りたくないことわりたくないkotowaritakunai
BeginnerThe plain forms of everyday speech, what is going on, what you can do, conditions, and the passive.Plain present · dictionary form · Plain past · -ta · Ongoing · -te iru · Potential · If, when · -tara · PassiveAlso show the Beginner forms (6)

  1. Plain present · dictionary form

    Between friends and family, and before a noun or many phrases. It also says the future.

    1. affirmative断ることわるkotowaru
    2. negative断らないことわらないkotowaranai

  2. Plain past · -ta

    The past between friends and family, and before a noun.

    1. affirmative断ったことわったkotowatta
    2. negative断らなかったことわらなかったkotowaranakatta

  3. Ongoing · -te iru

    What is going on now, a habit, or a state that lasts: 結婚している, to be married.

    1. plain断っていることわっているkotowatte iru
    2. polite断っていますことわっていますkotowatte imasu

  4. Potential

    What you can do. Its object often takes が: 日本語が話せる.

    1. plain断れることわれるkotowareru
    2. polite断れますことわれますkotowaremasu

  5. If, when · -tara

    If or once something happens, and what you found when it did.

    1. 断ったらことわったらkotowattara

  6. Passive

    What is done to someone, often to their regret: に marks who does it. It is also a respectful way to speak of others.

    1. plain断られることわられるkotowarareru
    2. polite断られますことわられますkotowararemasu
IntermediateIntentions, orders, conditions, making someone do something, and the verbs of respect and modesty.Volitional · -ō, -yō · Command · Condition · -ba · Causative · Causative passiveAlso show the Intermediate forms (5)

  1. Volitional · -ō, -yō

    Let’s, between friends; with と思う, what you intend to do.

    1. 断ろうことわろうkotowarō

  2. Command

    A blunt order or ban (〜な), heard in sports, on signs, and between men. Politely, say 〜てください.

    1. order断れことわれkotoware
    2. ban断るなことわるなkotowaru na

  3. Condition · -ba

    If…: the condition for what follows. In the negative, it also says what you must do: 〜なければならない.

    1. affirmative断ればことわればkotowareba
    2. negative断らなければことわらなければkotowaranakereba

  4. Causative

    Making or letting someone do something: に or を marks who does it.

    1. plain断らせることわらせるkotowaraseru
    2. polite断らせますことわらせますkotowarasemasu

  5. Causative passive

    Being made to do something you did not want to. In speech, godan verbs often shorten -aserareru to -asareru.

    1. plain断らせられることわらせられるkotowaraserareru
    2. polite断らせられますことわらせられますkotowaraseraremasu