Presente
What is happening now, habits, general truths, and plans: domani parto.
- io sto
- tu stai
- lui / lei sta
- noi stiamo
- voi state
- loro stanno
to stay, to be
Irregular verb, gerund stando, past participle stato, auxiliary essere.
sta' / stai
The command to tu is sta' / stai. Before a pronoun the short form doubles its consonant: stammi vicino. Gli does not double it: stagli vicino.
Not to be confused with essere
Essere says what someone or something is and where it is (sono italiano, è a casa); stare is for how you are, for -ing forms and for staying (come stai?, sto mangiando, sto a casa stasera).
Lei, the polite you, takes the form of lui / lei: Lei parla.
After essere, the participle agrees with the subject: andato, andata, andati, andate.
Underlined: the stem is not the infinitive’s.
Enough to talk about now, your plans, and the past.
What is happening now, habits, general truths, and plans: domani parto.
The everyday past for a finished action: avere or essere plus the participle.
Past habits, descriptions, and what was going on.
What will happen, and a guess about now: sarà vero.
Polite requests, wishes, and hypotheses: “would …”.
Orders and advice; Lei is the polite form. The subject in parentheses is not said.
Telling someone not to do something: non plus the infinitive for tu.
A past action completed before another past action.
After opinions, wishes, doubts, and feelings: penso che, spero che, benché.
The subjunctive for an action already completed: penso che sia partito.
Hypotheses with se, wishes, and the subjunctive in the past: se potessi…
Regrets and hypotheses about the past: se l’avessi saputo…
What would have happened, and the future seen from the past: disse che sarebbe venuto.
An action finished before a future moment, or a guess about the past: sarà già partito.
The past of stories, history, and books. Common in speech in the South, rare in the North.
Literary: an action just before another in the passato remoto, after quando or appena.