Presente
What is happening now, habits, general truths, and plans: domani parto.
- io sono
- tu sei
- lui / lei è
- noi siamo
- voi siete
- loro sono
to be
Irregular verb, gerund essendo, past participle stato, auxiliary essere.
Not to be confused with stare
Essere says what someone or something is and where it is (sono italiano, è a casa); stare is for how you are, for -ing forms and for staying (come stai?, sto mangiando, sto a casa stasera).
Lei, the polite you, takes the form of lui / lei: Lei parla.
After essere, the participle agrees with the subject: andato, andata, andati, andate.
Underlined: the stem is not the infinitive’s.
Enough to talk about now, your plans, and the past.
What is happening now, habits, general truths, and plans: domani parto.
The everyday past for a finished action: avere or essere plus the participle.
Past habits, descriptions, and what was going on.
What will happen, and a guess about now: sarà vero.
Polite requests, wishes, and hypotheses: “would …”.
Orders and advice; Lei is the polite form. The subject in parentheses is not said.
Telling someone not to do something: non plus the infinitive for tu.
A past action completed before another past action.
After opinions, wishes, doubts, and feelings: penso che, spero che, benché.
The subjunctive for an action already completed: penso che sia partito.
Hypotheses with se, wishes, and the subjunctive in the past: se potessi…
Regrets and hypotheses about the past: se l’avessi saputo…
What would have happened, and the future seen from the past: disse che sarebbe venuto.
Something about to happen: sto per uscire, I am about to go out.
An action finished before a future moment, or a guess about the past: sarà già partito.
The past of stories, history, and books. Common in speech in the South, rare in the North.
Literary: an action just before another in the passato remoto, after quando or appena.