Presente
What is happening now, habits, and general truths.
- yo he
- tú has
- él / ella / usted ha
- nosotros / nosotras hemos
- ellos / ellas / ustedes han
to have (auxiliary); there is
Irregular verb, gerund habiendo, past participle habido.
Hay
To say “there is” or “there are”, the present uses hay: hay un problema, hay dos camas. The other tenses keep the third person singular: había, hubo, habrá.
Underlined: the stem is not the infinitive’s.
Enough to talk about the present, the past, and the future.
What is happening now, habits, and general truths.
The everyday past for a finished action.
Past habits, descriptions, and ongoing background.
A past still linked to now: experiences and what has happened so far.
What will happen later, and guesses about the present.
Polite requests, wishes, and hypotheses: “would …”.
After wishes, doubts, feelings, and phrases like para que or ojalá.
A past action completed before another past action.
Hypotheses with si, polite wishes like quisiera, and the subjunctive in the past.
Subjunctive for an action already completed.
Regrets and hypotheses about the past: si hubiera sabido…
What would have happened: “would have …”.
An action finished before a future moment, or a guess about the past.
The -se forms of the past subjunctive, more formal and written.
The same tense with hubiese, more formal and written.
A literary action completed just before another past action.
An old subjunctive, kept in laws and set phrases.
An old compound subjunctive, kept in legal texts.