Presente
What is happening now, habits, general truths, and plans: domani parto.
- io devo
- tu devi
- lui / lei deve
- noi dobbiamo
- voi dovete
- loro devono
to have to
Irregular verb, gerund dovendo, past participle dovuto, auxiliary avere.
Two forms
The tables show the common forms, devo, devono, che io debba. Also correct, but rarer: debbo, debbono, che io deva.
Passato remoto
The passato remoto has two series: dovetti, dovette, dovettero, shown here, and dovei, dové, doverono, also correct but less common.
Lei, the polite you, takes the form of lui / lei: Lei parla.
Underlined: the stem is not the infinitive’s.
Enough to talk about now, your plans, and the past.
What is happening now, habits, general truths, and plans: domani parto.
The everyday past for a finished action: avere or essere plus the participle.
Past habits, descriptions, and what was going on.
What will happen, and a guess about now: sarà vero.
Polite requests, wishes, and hypotheses: “would …”.
A past action completed before another past action.
After opinions, wishes, doubts, and feelings: penso che, spero che, benché.
The subjunctive for an action already completed: penso che sia partito.
Hypotheses with se, wishes, and the subjunctive in the past: se potessi…
Regrets and hypotheses about the past: se l’avessi saputo…
What would have happened, and the future seen from the past: disse che sarebbe venuto.
Something about to happen: sto per uscire, I am about to go out.
An action finished before a future moment, or a guess about the past: sarà già partito.
The past of stories, history, and books. Common in speech in the South, rare in the North.
Literary: an action just before another in the passato remoto, after quando or appena.