Présent
What is happening now, habits, and general truths.
- je suis
- tu es
- il / elle / on est
- nous sommes
- vous êtes
- ils / elles sont
« Il est prêt. »
to be
3rd group, highly irregular verb, auxiliary avoir, past participle été.
Several stems
Compare je suis, j’étais, je serai.
Past participle été
It never changes: elle a été, ils ont été.
Underlined: the stem is not the infinitive’s.
Enough to talk about the present, the past, and the future.
What is happening now, habits, and general truths.
« Il est prêt. »
The everyday past for a finished action.
« Hier, il a été prêt. »
The spoken future for plans and near events.
« Demain, il va être prêt. »
Past habits, descriptions, and ongoing background.
« Avant, il était prêt. »
Something that has just happened: venir de plus the infinitive.
« Il vient d’être prêt. »
What will happen later, including promises and predictions.
« Demain, il sera prêt. »
Polite requests, wishes, and hypotheses: “would …”.
« Il serait prêt si nécessaire. »
Orders, advice, and instructions. The subject in parentheses is not spoken.
A past action completed before another past action.
An action finished before a future moment: “will have …”.
Regrets and hypotheses that never happened: “would have …”.
After necessity, wishes, emotion, doubt, or conjunctions like bien que.
Subjunctive for an action already completed.
The written narrative past: novels, history, and fairy tales.
A literary action completed immediately before another past action.
Literary subjunctive used inside past-tense narration.
Literary subjunctive for an action completed before another.
Literary variant of the past conditional, matching the pluperfect subjunctive.